IMPACT OF GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND REFORMS ON NIGERIAN PORT PRODUCTIVITY
This research focuses on the impact of Government Policies and reform on Nigerian port productivity using Calabar port as a reference point. The reform strategy is to enhance port productivity and performance. The huge loss of revenue to government, loss of patronage and genuine customers, high operational cost and inefficiency, delays of all forms, poor information management system, thereby leading to inadequate information for operation are some of the problem that drew the researcher attention to access the “impact of government policies and reform on Nigerian port productivity: A case study of Calabar port. Secondary Data were collected from the Nigerian Ports Authority, and other related journals. To aid this finding, sampling of two hundred (200) employees from the management staff, senior staff, and some port user who operate in the port were select using random method, four research objectives, four research questions and one hypotheses were developed, data was analysed using simple percentage and chi-square at 0.05 level of significance and null hypotheses was rejected and alternative accepted. In the findings it was observed that port reform policies have actually improved port productivity, increase port turn-around time and safety at port. This study concludes that Calabar Port is performing better under the reform programme of the Federal Government of Nigeria and recommendations were given.
INTRODUCTION
In the modern world of a fast growing technological era, ports are playing the role of an industry, not just passive actor in transportation but also in complete supply chain management. This is why it is said that “ports are more than piers” that is, more than just infrastructure or a complex infrastructure Prakash, (2005;34).
A port in a location on a coast or shore containing one or more harbors where ships can dock and transfer people or cargo to or from land. Port locations are selected to optimize access to land and navigable waters, for commercial demand and for shelter from wind and waves. Ports with deeper waters are fewer but can handle larger and more economical ships.
Seaport are major gateway to economy of a nation, they represent a complex structure in a country’s transportation system providing harbor interface services such as pilotage, dredging, provision of berths, maintenance of navigational channels etc. the Nigerian seaports are divided into western operations with headquarters at Apapa Lagos state comprising of the following port (Apapa port complex, Tincan Island port, Calabar port). Seaport plays a strategic role in the economy of any country. In Nigeria for example, practically all import and export move through its seaport. Thus, the efficiency of the ports affects profoundly the cost of import and the competitiveness of export and is large employers of labour.
Today in any context and in any country, it is essential that ports provide efficient, adequate and competitive services. If they fail, ship-owners who find them too costly or too slow will go elsewhere. Hence if ports do not provide cost-effective services, imports will cost more for consumers and exports will not be competitive on world markets, national revenue will decline as well the standard of living of all people. Nigeria has a total of eleven ports and eight oil terminals organised in three zones of Western, Central and Eastern zones. The central zone with its headquarters in Warri and the Eastern zone with its headquarters in Port Harcourt are predominantly oil terminals, although Warri, Sample, Koko, Port Harcourt, Calabar and the Federal ocean terminal are important general cargoes. Chioma, (2011;46)
Ports not only a chain in transportation for inter-change, but they function as self-sustaining industry that is linked with domestic and international trade. At some places, ports also act as a foreign exchange earner not only in the form of transshipment or hub port but as part of supply chain management by providing logistics services to the industry. That is why a port needs to be treated as an industry. The management of a port should not only be concerned with the demand and supply of throughput but with institutional framework, application of technology, marketing strategy and ultimately economic impact of the development and implementation of projects or programmes Prakash, (2005;34). Ndikom, (2006;64) summarized that a port is a gateway to the nation’s economy and that shipping is a primary logistic service of critical importance. There are 2,814 international ports catering to freight traffic in the world. Port traffic increases at an average rate of 3% per year. Nearly 90% of goods exchanged through international trade in the world rely on maritime transport along the logistics chain that takes them from their origin to their destination. A large share of that trade would not exist without their port infrastructures which are the interface between maritime transport and land transport or Inland navigation UNTAD, (2002;34).
TABLE OF CONTENTSTitle page
Declaration
Certification.
Dedication.
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of contents
List of tables
List of chart
CHAPTER ONE1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement of problem
1.3 Objective of study
1.4 Significance of study
1.5 Research questions .
1.6 Research hypothesis.
1.7 Delimitation of study
1.8 Limitation of study
1.9 Definitions of terms
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW2.0 Introduction .
2.1 Types of port reforms and their objectives
2.1.1 Challenges and areas of reforms
2.1.2 Implementation of the reform program: the landlord port model
2.2 Early port performance in Nigeria
2.3 Port performance measurement
2.3.1 Performance measurement studies using DEA
2.4 Operational performance indicators (productivity)
2.4.1 Ship turn-around time
2.4.2 Cargo dwell time in port
2.5 Problem militating against operational efficiency of Nigerian
Port
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY3.1 Area of the study
3.2 Research Design
3.3 The population of study
3.4 Sampling and sampling technique
3.5 Instrument for data collection
3.6 Sources of data
3.7 Administration of the instrument
3.8 Validity of the instrument
3.9 Statistical treatment of the data
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS, RESULT AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS4.1 Introduction
4.2 Distribution of questionnaire
4.3 Data analysis and result
4.4 Testing of hypothesis
4.5 Discussion of findings
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion of the study
5.3 Recommendations
References
Appendices
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